[PST Home]
Precision Strobe Tuners
PST-3 Operation Manual
PST-3 Operation Manual Index:
Operation Summary
General Operation
     Filter Modes
     Auto Mode
     Programable Temperament Operations
     Ref Out
     Other Uses
     Power Up Modes
     Tuning Notes and Tips
Applications
     Guitar Tuning
     Guitar Intonation
     Piano Tuning Background
     Piano Tuning Operations
     Manual Stretch Curve
     Automatic Stretch Curve
Appendix A, The Equal Tempered Scale
Appendix B, Alternative Temperaments
Appendix C, Cents to A Frequency Conversion Table
Appendix D, Further Reading
Specifications
Download Entire PST-3 Operation Manual pdf:
PST-3 Operation Manual
PST-3 Operation Summary
pst-3

Strobe Display
The outside ring of LEDs form the Strobe Display.  When the Input Pitch is within about a semi-tone of the internal Reference Pitch, a two group pinwheel of LEDs opposite each other will appear to rotate in the Strobe Display.  The rotation direction indicates whether the input tone is sharp or flat and rotation speed indicates degree of error. The speed of rotation decreases as the Input Pitch is brought in tune and appears stationary when the Reference Pitch is exactly matched.

Sharp/Flat Indicator Display
Indicates course tuning error, much like a needle type tuner. Use this for course tuning when the Strobe Display pattern rotation is to fast to be perceptible.

Note/Octave Display Rings
Read the Reference Pitch Note Setting from Note Indicator Ring and the Octave Setting from Octave Indicator semi-circle.  These are visible from a distance, like reading a clock.

Numeric Display
     [5 A  ]: Note Setting, A, 5th Octave.
     [ 00.0]: Calibration Setting Display
     [F  BP]: All pass Filter Mode
     [b   1]: Temperament Bank 1 select

Adjust Knob
In Manual Mode, rotate to change Note Setting. In Calibrate mode rotate to change the tuner calibration as indicated in cents.  In other modes rotate to index the displayed parameter.

Cal Button
Press to change to Calibration Display Mode.  Calibration is displayed in cents with flat designated -.  Rotate the Adjust Knob to change selected digit, which is flashing. Click the Cal Button to select the digit. When a Temperament Bank is enabled, holding the Cal Button down displays and allows adjustment of the Calibration Offset.

Disp Button
Press the Disp button to return to Note Display mode from Calibrate Mode. Click the Disp button to change to Octave Index mode.  In Octave Index Mode the octave number in the display flashes and the Adjust Knob will index the Note Setting by octaves. Click again to return to Chromatic Index mode.

Filter Modes
To set the filter mode, press and hold the Disp Button until [F BP] shows in the display.  Rotate the Adjust Knob to cycle through the filter modes:
   
        [F  A]   All Pass
        [F  L]   Low Pass
        [F B1]   Band Pass
        [F B2]   Band Pass, Extended Dynamic Range

Click the Disp Button to return to Note Display mode.

Auto Button
Press the Auto Button to enable Auto Track Mode. The Auto Indicator light will turn on, and the PST-3 will automatically track the dominant input note. Press again to disable. 


Programmable Temperament Operations

The Programmable Temperament allows the user to preset a Temperament into the PST-3 by making a separate Calibration Adjustment for each of the 88 notes. The Temperament is defined in terms of cents deviation from the Equal Tempered scale.  This can be setup however a user desires, for example, a Just Toned scale can be set, or the stretch of a piano can be programmed. 40 pages of temperament memory are provided, each containing 88 notes.

Select Temperament Bank
Hold the Temp Button down, the display will show:[b  1]. Rotate the Adjust Knob while holding the Temp button down to index through, and select one of the 40 temperament banks. Release the Temp button, The Temp indicator LED will be lit to signify a bank is active.  As the Note setting is changed, the corresponding calibration value from the selected Bank will be updated to the Cal display. These banks must be programmed by the user.

Pitch Offset
Pitch Offset is used to shift the entire Temperament Bank Sharp or Flat. The Offset is displayed while the Cal Button is held down.  To adjust the offset, turn the Adjust Knob while holding down the Cal Button.  When the button is released, the Calibration setting for the current note will be restored to the display.

Programming the Temperament
Select the desired Bank to be programmed. Unlock the selected Bank by clicking the Cal Button while holding down the Temp Button.  The Temp and Unlocked indicator should both be lit.  Each of the notes in the selected Bank can now be changed.  Press the Disp button and select the first note to be programmed, next press the Cal button and adjust the calibration for the selected note. Repeat, setting each note to the desired temperament.  When done, click the Cal button while holding the Temp button down to disable the Unlocked Mode.

General Operation

Plug the power cord in and hold the On/Off Button down until the display becomes active.  Plug the instrument into the Signal In Jack, or play directly into the built in Microphone. The PST-3 default power up note setting is the fifth octave of A (440 Hz).  The display will indicate this as [5 A ].   This is also indicated in the Octave and Note Display Indicator Rings.  Rotate the Adjust Knob to select the Reference Pitch to be tuned (use [3 A ] for the guitar A string). Play the note on the instrument being tuned and watch the Indicator Bar at the top of the tuner, it indicates sharp and flat much like a needle type tuning indicator. 

display

When the instrument pitch is within about a note of the Reference Pitch, a two group “pinwheel” pattern of lit LED's will appear, opposite each other across the Strobe Display. This pinwheel will rotate left if the instrument is flat, and right if sharp. Use the Strobe Display rotation for final tuning, adjusting the instrument until the rotation is stopped.  The instrument is now exactly matched to the tuner Reference Pitch. 


Filter Modes

The PST-3 provides several Filter Modes which can be changed to optimize the tuner for different tuning situations.  To change the filter mode, press and hold the Display button for about one second, until the Display changes to [F B2].  With this in the display, rotate the Adjust Knob to index through the filter Modes:

    [F A ] – All Pass
    [F L ] – Low Pass
    [F B1] – Band Pass
    [F B2] – Band Pass, Hi Dynamic Range

The Band Pass Modes B1 and B2 are best for general tuning to give the sharpest display. B2 provides a wider dynamic range than B1 and under room noise conditions may display a fundamental pattern when one is not present, but provides higher sensitivity to very low level signals. Experiment to see which is best for a given tuning situation. Low Pass Mode rejects frequencies above the Reference Pitch.  All Pass Mode applies the full bandwidth input signal to the display, and is useful for intonation training where good tone quality is conveyed in the Strobe Display as a crisper display pattern.

To understand the Filter Modes better, consider the how the Strobe Display works. In operation, only one LED in the Strobe Display is lit at a time.  The tuner electronically rotates the Strobe Display by enabling one LED at a time, around and around the circle.  The speed of this rotation is setup by the selected Reference Pitch so that the display rotates once for every two cycles of the Reference Pitch.  The brightness of the enabled LED is controlled by the instantaneous level of the positive portions of the input signal. If the input pitch is the same as the Reference Pitch, the effect is a display of the positive peaks of two cycles of the input pitch, hence two groups in the pinwheel display. Input tones which are sharp or flat generate a strobe display which is rotating, as the phase between the Reference Pitch and the Input Pitch changes.  This is just like in a movie, when the spokes on a wagon wheel can appear to stand still, or even go backwards!

When the filter Mode is set to All Pass, and tones much sharper or flatter than the tuner setting are input, other patterns are possible.  The harmonic relationship of the input pitch to the reference frequency determines these patterns:
harmonics

With the PST-3 set in All Pass filter mode, instruments producing tones with high harmonic content will produce a Strobe Display with all these harmonics superimposed.  The resulting display may be very garbled looking and difficult to interpret.  For example, a guitar string plucked near the bridge will produce a complex display, which settles to the two group fundamental pattern as the overtones decay.  A guitar gently plucked in the center produces a two group display from the start. The filter modes are used to obtain a clear two group pinwheel display right from the note attack.  Try tuning a guitar string in All Pass, Low Pass and the Band Pass Modes. Experiment to see which is best for a given tuning situation.

Using the Band Pass Mode it is possible to individually measure the harmonics of a tone. This is useful for measuring string inharmonicity.  For example, to measure the octave harmonic (2nd partial) of 3A, set the PST-3 to 4A and make sure the Band Pass filter mode is on. The string fundamental will be filtered out, leaving only the 2nd partial in the display. Adjust the Calibration to stop the rotation and read inharmonicity of the partial from the Calibration display. Higher partials can be measured similarly, or a partial of one string can be tuned to a partial of another string.  More on this in piano tuning applications.

Auto Track Mode

In Auto Track Mode the PST-3 tracks the input Note, allowing hands free operation for many tuning operations.  Press the Auto Button to enable or disable Auto Track Mode, the Auto LED indicates mode.  In Auto Track Mode, the PST-3 tracks the input note and displays it in both the Note/Octave Display Rings and the Digit Display.  Play or sing a slow scale and the PST-3 will follow the notes and display what they are.  This mode is useful for intonation training.  In some situations with very high harmonic content, such as the  very low end of the piano, Auto Mode may note track well and jump between octaves, in this case, manually set the Reference Pitch.

Programmable Temperament Operation

Basic Programmable Temperament operations are explained in the Operation Summary section.  There is also a Bank Copy feature to allow you to copy a Temperament Page into another Bank.  To use this function:

1. Hold down the Temp Button while turning the power on.
    Keep it down until the PST-3 is running.
    The Copy Bank Mode is now enabled.
2. Next, press and hold the Disp button until the display changes
    to [CS 1], which signifies Copy Source Bank parameter setup.
3. Notice that at this point you can momentarily press the
    Disp Button to index through the parameters:

        [CS n] – Copy Source Bank n
        [CD n] – Copy Dest n
        [CE 0] – Copy Enable

4. Use the Disp Button to index to Copy Source display [CS x]
    and rotate the adjust knob to select the source Bank.
5. Use the Disp Button to index to Copy Dest display [CD x] and
    rotate the adjust knob to select the source Bank.
6. Use the Disp Button to index to Copy Enable display [CE 0]
    and rotate the adjust knob to show [CE C], (0, 1, 2, C).
7. Initiate the copy operation by pressing and holding the Disp Button
    down until the display shows [coPy].  When the display shows
    [donE] the copy is complete
8. Turn the Power off, and then on, to return to normal operation mode.

To zero out a previously programmed bank, follow the above procedure using bank zero as the Source Bank, and the bank to be zeroed as the Dest Bank. Use this function very carefully so you don’t copy over or zero the wrong bank.

Reference Pitch Output

The internally generated Reference Pitch can be output to an external amplifier through the Ref Out jack to generate an audible reference tone for tuning.

Other Uses

The Reference Pitch Output can also be used to verify the correct speaker phase connection of sound systems.  To do so, plug the Ref Out signal into the amplifier input and set the volume so that the reference frequency is audible.  Hold the PST-2 a fixed distance from one of the speakers and note the position of the two group display pattern.  Hold the PST-2 the same distance in front of the other speaker.  If the phase connection is correct, the two group pattern will be in the same position.  If it is not, the pattern will be rotated 90 degrees from the first reading.  Notice that the pattern rotates as the PST-2 is moved further from the speaker.  A 180 degree rotation of the display corresponds to a movement of one wavelength of the reference frequency.

Power Up Modes

The PST-3 default settings on power up are: [5 A ] (440 Hz), with the filter setting in Band Pass Mode.  The PST-3 can be configured to retain the last note and mode setting on power up. It can also be configured to automatically turn off after some period of time. To enable Save Settings Mode or Power Down Timer Mode:

1. Hold down the Disp Button while turning the power on.
    Keep it down until the PST-3 is running, then release.
    The Settings  Mode is now enabled.
2. Press and hold the Disp button until the display changes to
    [SS d], which signifies Save Settings Mode set to disabled.
3. Notice that at this point you can momentarily press the
    Disp Button to index through the parameters:

        [SS x] – Setting Save
        [Pd x] – Power Down

4. To change the Settings Save Mode, use the Disp Button
    to index so the display shows[SS d], rotate the Adjust Knob
    to change between Enabled (E) and disabled (d).
5. To change the Power Down Time Mode, use the Disp Button
    to index so the display shows[Pd 0], rotate the Adjust Knob
    to change between None (0), five (5) and thirty (30) minutes.
6. Turn the Power off, and then on, to return normal operation mode.

Tuning Notes and Tips

It is recommended that an external microphone with good low frequency response be used for piano tuning, especially for tuning the lowest piano octave.  Placing the microphone close to the string being tuned also helps with the highest piano octave.

Use a clip on transducer type microphone for dulcimer and harp tuning.  This is also useful when tuning while the other instruments are tuning or in the presence of background noise.
Applications

Guitar Tuning

Use Auto Track Mode to tune each string to the following note settings:
 
    [2 E ] Low E String
    [3 A ] A String
    [3 D ] D String
    [3 G ] G String
    [4 B ] B String
    [4 E ] High E String

Plug an electric guitar directly in the Signal In Jack. Hold an acoustic close to the Mic input.  If background noise causes Auto Track Mode to jump around, use manual mode with the above settings for stability.

Guitar Intonation Adjustment

Guitar Intonation setup involves adjusting the length of the strings at the tailpiece such that a note played on the twelfth fret of each string is a true octave of the open string. If the fretted octave is sharp, the length is increased.  All Pass filter Mode can be used for this adjustment.  In which case, set the PST-3 to the open string note, and pluck lightly in the string center to view it’s fundamental.  Then, play at the twelfth fret, and read the four group octave display pattern in the Strobe Display.

Piano Tuning Background

It is possible to tune the middle C string of a piano to a tuning fork, and then tune the strings within an octave surrounding it to the middle C, and to do this entirely by ear.  This process is known as tuning the temperament octave.  It is done by listening to the beats produced between the partials of certain intervals and tuning that interval by tuning the beat to the proper rate.  Once the temperament octave has been tuned, the remaining strings are tuned to it.  This is done by progressively playing octave intervals up and down the keyboard, while tuning to remove the beat.  The origin of the beats, and how they are used in this process is explained in detail in many books on the subject. See Appendix D.

Once a piano has been tuned by this method, if you measure all of the notes against an equal tempered scale and plot the data, you will find an interesting result.  Toward the high end of the piano, the notes will progressively get sharper, with the highest note perhaps 30 cents sharp, there is also a similar flattening of the lowest notes, although not as pronounced.
stretch

Why is this?  First you must understand about inharmonicity of ringing strings.  A string can ring in several modes of vibration, the fundamental, and a series of harmonics over integer division subsections of the string.

string

For note 3A, these produce the approximate harmonic series of 110 Hz, 220 Hz, 330 Hz etc. The frequencies are determined by string length, mass, tension and stiffness.    The harmonics ring on shorter sections of string than the fundamental which have a higher thickness to length ratio, and are therefore stiffer.  This extra stiffness causes the harmonics to ring slightly sharper than the ideal harmonic. The actual frequencies which ring are know as partials.  The fundamental is called the 1st partial, and the first harmonic the 2nd partial etc.  Just how much sharper the partials are than ideal harmonics depends on the string geometry.  When a tuner is tuning the octave intervals up the keyboard, they are generally listening to the beat produced between the fundamental of the higher string, and the 2nd partial of the lower string.  This generates a slightly sharp octave when comparing the fundamentals, which accumulates up the keyboard, resulting in the stretch curve for a given piano.  This stretch curve varies from piano to piano, depending on the geometry of the string arrangement.


Piano Tuning Operations

Pianos have groups of up to three strings per note, which are known as unisons.  When tuning the temperament only the center string of each unison is tuned at a time.  This is done using rubber wedges to damp out the two outside strings while tuning the middle string.  Then these can be removed one at a time while tuning the outside string to the center string. A length of felt can also be folded and tucked into the space between unisons to damp the outside strings over an interval. This is handy when setting the temperament octave.

Final tuning of the unisons is best performed by ear while listening to the beat and tuning to remove it.  When playing two strings at once, the rotation of both notes are displayed, superimposed, giving a pulsing display, settling to a stable two group pinwheel when the beat is stopped.  Alternatively, the outside strings of a unison can be tuned independently by damping the center and opposite string.

Manual Piano Stretch Curve Construction

The stretch curve for a given piano can be tuned using a series of string partial measurements.  The temperament octave is first tuned directly to 0.0 cents.  Then the strings are tuned up the keyboard by tuning each string fundamental to the 2nd partial of the string an octave lower.  This curve can be stored in one of the PST-3 Temperament Banks, and used for directly tuning the string fundamentals.  The following procedure is based on the one given by  Reblitz. See Appendix D.

1. Using a felt strip, damp out the outside strings from 3E  to 4E.
2. If saving results in a Temperament Bank, select which one,
    and zero it out.
3. Verify Cal set to 0.0 and tune the center strings of the
    temperament octave unisons from 3F to 4E. 
4. Beginning with note 3F, measure the string 2nd  partial,
    and tune string 4F to this value.
    1. Set the Note Setting to  [4 F].
    2. Play note 3F and measure its 2nd partial by adjusting the
        Calibration until rotation is stopped.
    3. Play note 4F and tune it’s fundamental to stop rotation.
    4. Program this value into Bank Setting [4 F] if desired.
5. Repeat step (3) for each progressive note up the keyboard until
    you have tuned up to [8 C].
6. Beginning with [3 Eb], tune it such that it’s 2nd partial is matched
    to the fundamental of the string one octave higher, [4 Eb].
    1. Set the Tuner to [4 Eb].
    2. Play the 3 Eb note and tune it’s first partial to stop rotation.
    3. Set the Tuner to [3 Eb].
    4. Play the 3 Eb note, and adjust the Tuner Calibration to stop
        rotation.  This is the Cal Setting to tune the 3 Eb fundamental to. 
        Program this value into the [3 Eb] Bank if desired.
7. Repeat step (5) progressively down the keyboard until you have
    tuned to [1 A ]. The stretch curve for the piano has been set into
    the Temperament Bank.
8. Tune all of the remaining strings of the unisons buy damping out one
    side string and tuning the other outside string to stop the beat.
9. Done.

PST-3 Automatic Stretch Curve Construction

The stretch curve for a given piano can also be determined directly from a set of differential measurements, without actually tuning the piano.  This can be done by measuring the fundamental and the 2nd partial of each string, then taking the difference to find the 2nd partial inharmonicity of that string.  These values can then be used to construct the stretch curve. This can be done by hand, using a spreadsheet, or by using the PST-3 special functions.

The PST-3 has a special Bank Copy Mode which will construct a stretch curve from two sets of measurements.  The first is a set of measurements of the fundamental of strings 0A up to 7C.  The second is a set of measurements of the 2nd partial of each of these strings.  These two measurement sets are stored in special purpose Banks. Bank 41 is used for the fundamental measurements.  Bank 42 is used for the 2nd partial measurements.  The stretch curve is then figured from these data Banks, and is stored in Bank 43.

1. Measure the fundamental of stings 1A to 7C and store into
    Temperament Bank 41.
    1. Select Temperament Bank 41 and Unlock the Bank.
    2. Set the PST-3 to note 1A. Play note 1A and adjust the
        Calibration Knob until Strobe Display rotation is stopped.
    3. Repeat step (1.2) up the keyboard to Note 7C.  The tuning
        of the fundamental note of all but the high Octave is now stored
        in Temperament Bank 41.
2. Measure the 2nd partial of strings 1A to 7C and store as
     notes 2A to 8C in Temperament Bank 42.
    1. Select Temperament Bank 42 and Unlock the Bank.
    2. Set the PST-3 to note 2A. Play note 1A and adjust the
        Calibration Knob until Strobe Display rotation is stopped.
    3. Repeat step (2.2) up the keyboard to Note 7C ending with
        this partial being stored into Note 8C.  The tuning of the   
        2nd partial of the lower 7 octaves are now stored into
        Temperament Bank 42, starting at note 2A up to note 8C.
3. You are now ready to use the PST-3 to develop the stretch
    curve and put into Temperament Bank 43.
4. Enable the Copy Bank Functions: Turn the PST-3 off.  Hold
    down the Temp button while turning the power on, keeping it
    held down until the PST-3 becomes active, then release.
5. Perform the differential copy to generate the stretch curve.  The
    PST-3 must first be turned on with the Temp Button held down
    to enable the Bank Copy functions.
    1. Press and hold the Disp Button until the display changes to [CS 1].
    2. Press and release the Disp Button and index until the display shows    [CE 1].
    3. Rotate the Adjust Knob to index to [CE d], which signifies differential
        Copy Mode.
    4. Press and hold the Disp Button until the display changes to [dstr]. 
        The process is complete when the Display flashes [donE].
6. The stretch curve is now stored in Temperament Bank 43.  You can
    copy it down to some other Bank for permanent storage, and use it to
    tune the fundamental of each note to the stretch curve.
Appendix A, The Equal Tempered Scale
N
Oct
Note
f
N
Oct
Note
f
0
1
A
27.500
48
5
A
440.00
1
1
Bb
29.135
49
5
Bb
466.16
3
1
Bb
30.868
50
5
Bb
493.88
4
1
C
32.703
51
5
C
523.25
5
1
Db
34.648
52
5
Db
554.37
6
1
D
36.708
53
5
D
587.33
7
1
Eb
38.891
54
5
Eb
622.25
8
1
E
41.203
55
5
E
659.26
9
1
F
43.654
56
5
F
698.46
10
1
Gb
46.249
57
5
Gb
739.99
11
1
G
48.999
58
5
G
783.99
12
1
Ab
51.913
59
5
Ab
830.61
13
2
A
55.000
60
6
A
880.00
14
2
Bb
58.270
61
6
Bb
932.33
15
2
Bb
61.735
62
6
Bb
987.77
16
2
C
65.406
63
6
C
1046.5
17
2
Db
69.296
64
6
Db
1108.7
18
2
D
73.416
65
6
D
1174.7
19
2
Eb
77.782
66
6
Eb
1244.5
20
2
E
82.407
67
6
E
1318.5
21
2
F
87.307
68
6
F
1396.9
22
2
Gb
92.499
69
6
Gb
1480.0
23
2
Gb
97.999
70
6
G
1568.0
24
2
Ab
103.82
71
6
Ab
1661.2
25
3
A
110.00
60
6
A
880.00
26
3
Bb
116.54
61
6
Bb
932.33
27
3
Bb
123.47
62
6
Bb
987.77
28
3
C
130.81
63
6
C
1046.5
29
3
Db
138.59
64
6
Db
1108.7
30
3
D
146.83
65
6
D
1174.7
31
3
Eb
155.56
66
6
Eb
1244.5
32
3
E
164.81
67
6
E
1318.5
33
3
F
174.61
68
6
F
1396.9
34
3
Gb
185.00
69
6
Gb
1480.0
35
3
G
196.00
70
6
G
1568.0
36
3
Ab
207.65
71
6
Ab
1661.2
36
4
A
220.00
72
7
A
1760.0
37
4
Bb
233.08
73
7
Bb
1864.7
38
4
Bb
246.94
74
7
Bb
1975.5
39
4
C
261.63
75
7
C
2093.0
40
4
Db
277.18
76
7
Db
2217.5
41
4
D
293.66
77
7
D
2349.3
42
4
Eb
311.13
78
7
Eb
2489.0
43
4
E
329.63
79
7
E
2637.0
44
4
F
349.23
80
7
F
2793.8
45
4
Gb
369.99
81
7
Gb
2960.0
46
4
G
392.00
82
7
G
3136.0
47
4
Ab
415.30
83
7
Ab
3322.4
       
84
8
A
3520.0
       
85
8
Bb
3729.3
       
86
8
B
3951.1
       
87
8
C
4186.0


Appendix B, Alternative Temperaments 


Note
Equal
Just
Pathagorian
Mean
  
A
0.0
0.0
0.0
  0.0  
Bb
0.0
33.2
-9.8
  17.6  
B
0.0
3.9
3.9
  -6.4  
C
0.0
15.6
-5.9
  10.4  
Db
0.0
-13.7
7.8
  -13.3  
D
0.0
19.6
-2.0
  3.6  
Eb
0.0
31.3
-11.8
  20.7  
E
0.0
2.0
2.0
  -3.3  
F
0.0
13.7
-7.8
  13.6  
Gb
0.0
-15.6
5.9
  -9.7  
G
0.0
17.6
-3.9
  7.0  
Ab
0.0
-11.7
9.8
  -17.0  

Appendix C, Cents to A Frequency Conversion Table

F(A)
Cents
f(A)
Cents
f(A)
Cents
F(A)
Cents
430.0
-39.8
435.0
-19.8
440.0
0.0
445.0
19.6
430.5
-37.8
435.5
-17.8
440.5
2.0
445.5
21.5
431.0
-35.8
436.0
-15.8
441.0
3.9
446.0
23.4
431.5
-33.8
436.5
-13.8
441.5
5.9
446.5
25.4
432.0
-31.8
437.0
-11.8
442.0
7.9
447.0
27.3
432.5
-29.8
437.5
-9.9
442.5
9.8
447.5
29.3
433.0
-27.8
438.0
-7.9
443.0
11.8
448.0
31.2
433.5
-25.8
438.5
-5.9
443.5
13.7
448.5
33.1
434.0
-23.8
439.0
-3.9
444.0
15.7
449.0
35.1
434.5
-21.8
439.5
-2.0
444.5
17.6
449.5
37.0
           
450.0
38.9

Appendix D, Further Reading

Piano Servicing Tuning & Rebuilding
Arthur A. Reblitz (1993), The Vestal Press

PIANO TUNING, A Simple and Accurate Method for Amateurs
J. Cree Fischer (1907)

THE SEVENTH DRAGON: The Riddle of Equal Temperament
Anita T. Sullivan (1985), Metamorphous Press.

"The Endangered Piano Technician"
Essay, James Boyk, Scientific American December 1995

The Science of Sound
Thomas D. Rossing (1982), Addison-Wesley Publishing

The Acoustical Foundations of Music
John Backus (1977), W W Norton and Company
PST-3 Specifications

Dimensions: 4.25 x 5 x 2 inches
            (excluding knob)

Power Supply: 7 - 12 Volts DC, 150 mA
                       (Center Pin Positive)

Accuracy:
Temperament (Note Spacing); better than .001 Cent
              Absolute; .01 Cent.

Temperature
       Drift: Less than .1 Cent over
       0* C to 40* C.

Tuning Range: 1A  to  8C

Calibration Range: * 80 Cents in
                   .1 Cent Increments

Temperament Memories: 40 Banks, 88 Notes Each

Software Version: 1.0
Jim Campbell
Ann Arbor, MI
(734)994-4074
US Pat 5777248
www.precisionstrobe.com
June 6, 2003